Amplificación directa de ADN de Bordetella pertussis purificado de hisopados nasofaríngeos por un método de bajo costo, rápido (60-segundos) y libre de equipos / Direct amplification of Bordetella pertussis DNA purified from nasopharyngeal swabs by a low-cost, fast (60-second), and equipment-free method

RESUMEN Objetivo. Desarrollar y evaluar un método de bajo costo basado en celulosa para la purificación rápida y amplificación directa de ADN de Bordetella pertussis de hisopados nasofaríngeos. Materiales y métodos. Se prepararon discos de celulosa y se evaluaron diferentes parámetros (buffers de lisis/lavado, número de discos y elución de ADN). El método se acopló a una amplificación directa por PCR en tiempo real (qPCR) y se estimó el rendimiento utilizando hisopados nasofaríngeos que fueron positivos (n=100) y negativos (n=50) para ADN B. pertussis por qPCR, comparado con el método basado en columnas de sílice. Se calculó el grado de concordancia, sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo (VPP) y valor predictivo negativo (VPN). Se evaluó la factibilidad del método rápido para ser acoplado a un ensayo colorimétrico de amplificación isotérmica mediada por lazo (LAMP). Resultados. El método rápido con un disco de celulosa y buffer de lisis y lavado conteniendo PVP-40 y Tween 20, respectivamente, mostró una mayor capacidad para purificar ADN amplificable de B. pertussis. El método tuvo una sensibilidad de 89,0% (IC95%, 80,2%-94,9%) y una especificidad de 98,5% (IC95%, 92,1%-100,0%), con un buen grado de concordancia (Kappa=0,867; IC95% 0,788 - 0,946), respecto al método referencial. Los VPP y VPN fueron 98,6% (IC95%, 92,7,2%-100,0%) y 88,2% (IC95%, 78,7%-94,4%), respectivamente. Se evidenció una amplificación exitosa por LAMP, y se obtuvieron resultados comparables con el método por columnas de sílice. Conclusión. El método desarrollado es simple, de bajo costo y libre de equipos para la obtención rápida (60 segundos) de ADN en el punto de atención, y puede ser implementado en diversas técnicas moleculares orientados al diagnóstico oportuno y al estudio epidemiológico de tos ferina.

ABSTRACT Objective. To develop and evaluate a low-cost cellulose-based method for rapid purification and direct amplification of Bordetella pertussis DNA from nasopharyngeal swabs. Materials and methods. We prepared cellulose discs and evaluated different parameters (lysis/wash buffers, number of discs and DNA elution). The method was coupled to a direct real-time PCR (qPCR) amplification and the performance was estimated using nasopharyngeal swabs that were positive (n=100) and negative (n=50) for B. pertussis DNA by qPCR, compared to the silica column-based method. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) and the degree of agreement. The feasibility of the rapid method to be coupled to a loop-mediated isothermal amplification colorimetric assay (LAMP) was evaluated. Results. The rapid method, with a cellulose disk and lysis and wash buffer containing PVP-40 and Tween 20, respectively, showed a greater capacity to purify amplifiable DNA from B. pertussis. The method had a sensitivity of 89.0% (95%CI: 80.2%-94.9%) and a specificity of 98.5% (95%CI: 92.1%-100.0%), with a good degree of agreement (Kappa=0.867; 95%CI: 0.788 - 0.946), compared to the reference method. The PPV and NPV were 98.6% (95%CI: 92.7.2%-100.0%) and 88.2% (95%CI: 78.7%-94.4%), respectively. Successful amplification by LAMP was evident, and comparable results were obtained with the silica column method. Conclusion. The developed method is simple, low-cost and equipment-free for rapid (60 seconds) DNA collection at the point of care, and can be implemented in various molecular techniques aimed at the timely diagnosis and epidemiological study of pertussis.

Severe pertussis in childhood: update and controversy - systematic review / Coqueluche grave na infância: atualização e controvérsias - revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Objective: Through a systematic review, this essay aimed at revising the concepts of severe pertussis, updating the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, antibiotic therapy and auxiliary therapeutic options for symptomatology and complications. Data sources: This review considered publications from the last 30years in the databases US National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Cochrane, Google Scholar, as well as protocols of the Ministry of Health and recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, related to childhood pertussis (whooping cough), with emphasis on its severe form. This research was based on keywords derived from the terms "pertussis", "azithromycin", "antitussives", "leukocyte reduction" in Portuguese and English. Duplicate studies and those with unavailable full-text were excluded. Data synthesis: Among 556 records found, 54 were selected for analysis. Pertussis, as a reemerging disease, has affected all age groups, evidencing the transient immunity conferred by infection and vaccination. Severe cases occur in neonates and infants, with secondary viral and bacterial complications and malignant pertussis, a longside hyperleukocytosis, respiratory failure and shock. Macrolides continue to be the chosen antibiotics, while antitussives for coughing remain without efficacy. The prompt treatment in Intensive Care Units improved the prognostic in severe cases, and transfusion was promising among procedures for leukoreduction. Conclusions: Approaching severe pertussis in childhood remains a challenge for diagnostic and therapy, as the available therapeutic options are still unsatisfactory. Strategies of prevention are expected to reduce the occurrence of severe cases, while new studies should confirm the role of auxiliary therapies.

RESUMO Objetivo: Rever os conceitos de coqueluche grave, atualizar epidemiologia, fisiopatologia e apresentação clínica, verificar as recomendações de antibioticoterapia e conhecer opções terapêuticas auxiliares na sintomatologia e complicações, por meio de revisão sistemática. Fontes de dados: Foram pesquisados trabalhos publicados nos últimos 30 anos nas bases US National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Cochrane e Google Scholar, bem como protocolos do Ministério da Saúde e recomendações do Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, relacionados à coqueluche na infância, com ênfase na forma grave. Apesquisa baseou-se em palavras-chave derivadas dos termos "coqueluche", "azitromicina", "antitussígenos" e "redução de leucócitos", nos idiomas português e inglês. Foramexcluídos estudos em duplicata ou texto integral indisponíveis. Síntese dos dados: Dos 556 registros encontrados, foram selecionados 54 para análise. A coqueluche, como doença reemergente, tem acometido todas as faixas etárias, evidenciando a imunidade transitória conferida pela infecção e pela vacinação. Quadros graves ocorrem em neonatos e lactentes, com complicações virais e bacterianas secundárias e pertussis maligna, com hiperleucocitose, insuficiência respiratória e choque refratário. Os macrolídeos continuam como antibióticos de escolha. Os sintomáticos da tosse não demonstraram eficácia. O suporte precoce em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva melhorou o prognóstico dos casos graves e a exsanguineotransfusão se mostrou a mais promissora entre os procedimentos para leucorredução. Conclusões: A abordagem da coqueluche grave na infância segue como desafio diagnóstico e terapêutico. As opções terapêuticas disponíveis ainda são insatisfatórias. Espera-se que as estratégias de prevenção reduzam a ocorrência de casos graves e que novos estudos confirmem o papel das terapias adjuvantes.

Características clínicas y epidemiológicas de tos ferina en pacientes hospitalizados en un hospital de tercer nivel de Perú / Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of whooping cough in hospitalized patients of a tertiary care hospital in Peru

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes menores de 2 años hospitalizados con el diagnóstico de tos ferina en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel de Perú. Métodos: Serie de casos de pacientes menores de 2 años hospitalizados con diagnóstico de tos ferina durante el año 2012. Resultados: Fueron hospitalizados 121 pacientes. Se realizaron pruebas para confirmar el diagnóstico (inmunofluorescencia directa, reacción en cadena de la polimerasa, cultivo) al 53,72%. El 23,15% (n = 28) fueron casos confirmados, todos menores de 10 meses, ninguno había recibido 3 dosis de la vacuna contra pertussis, el 96,43% (n = 27) de ellos fueron menores de 6 meses y 42,86% (n = 12) menores de 3 meses; un 10,71% (n = 3) ingresaron a unidad de cuidados intensivos, todos menores de 2 meses, uno de los cuales falleció. Los síntomas más frecuentes en los casos confirmados fueron tos (96,43%), rubicundez facial (96,43%), tos paroxística (92,86%) y cianosis asociada a la tos (78,57%); el contacto epidemiológico probable más frecuente fue la madre (17,86%) y la mayoría de casos se presentaron en verano (46,43%). Conclusión: La tos ferina es causa de morbimortalidad sobre todo en los menores de 6 meses de edad y en los no inmunizados o parcialmente inmunizados. Se deben mejorar las tasas de vacunación y fomentar la confirmación de casos para no contribuir al infradiagnóstico de esta enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Objective: Describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients under 2 years of age hospitalized with whooping cough in a tertiary care children's hospital in Peru. Methods: This was a case series of patients under 2 years of age who were hospitalized with a diagnosis of whooping cough in 2012. Results: A total of 121 patients were hospitalized. Diagnostic testing (direct immunofluorescence, polymerase chain reaction, culture) was carried out in 53.72% of patients. Overall, 23.15% (n = 28) were confirmed cases, all of whom were patients less than 10 months old, and none of whom had received 3 doses of whooping cough vaccine. A total of 96.43% (n = 27) of cases were under 6 months of age, 42.86% (n = 12) were younger than 3 months, and 10.71% (n = 3) were admitted to the intensive care unit. Of these cases, all were younger than 2 months old, and one patient died. The most common symptoms in the confirmed cases were coughing (96.43%), facial redness (96.43%), paroxysmal coughing (92.86%), and coughing-related cyanosis (78.57%). The most frequent probable epidemiological contact was the mother (17.86%), and the majority of cases occurred in the summer (46.43%). Conclusion: Whooping cough is a cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in those younger than 6 months of age and in those who are not immunized or only partially immunized. Vaccination rates should be improved and case confirmation encouraged to prevent the underdiagnosis of this disease.

Seroprevalencia de Bordetella pertussis en el personal de enfermería y médicos residentes del Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez / Seroprevalence of Bordetella pertussis in pediatric healthcare workers at the Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez

Resumen Introducción Bordetella pertussis es el agente causal de la tosferina, una enfermedad de alta letalidad, especialmente en menores de 6 meses, pero prevenible mediante la vacunación. Los reportes en hospitales de brotes de tosferina muestran que el caso índice suelen ser personas adultas. En adultos, la enfermedad se manifiesta principalmente con tos persistente. El propósito de este estudio fue conocer la seroprevalencia de B. pertussis en el personal de salud de un hospital pediátrico en un país donde aún no se considera la vacunación obligatoria para los empleados. Métodos Participaron personal de enfermería y médicos residentes en trato directo con pacientes hospitalizados. A cada participante se le realizó detección de anticuerpos inmunoglobulina G, antitoxina de pertussis (anti-TP) y se le aplicó un cuestionario para datos clínicos y demográficos. Resultados Se incluyeron 93 individuos, el 85% de personal de enfermería con mediana de edad de 35 años (rango intercuartil: 29-42.5). El 21.5% de los participantes laboraban en el Servicio de Urgencias, el 8.6%, en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica, el 6.5%, en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales. Se encontraron títulos detectables de anticuerpos anti-TP en el 18.3%, de los cuales, el 53% presentaron títulos de infección reciente y solamente el 23.5%, historia de tos de más de dos semanas de evolución. Conclusiones El personal de salud está en riesgo de sufrir la enfermedad y de transmitirla a los lactantes, quienes pueden fallecer por esta causa. Este estudio sugiere que las políticas actuales de vacunación en personal de salud se deben de modificar para determinar obligatoriedad de la vacuna, especialmente en quienes atienden a la población pediátrica.

Abstract Background Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of pertussis, a disease that is preventable by vaccination but has a high mortality, particularly in children < 6 months. Reports of pertussis outbreaks in hospitals show that the index case is usually an adult. In adults, the disease manifests mainly with persistent cough. The purpose of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of B. pertussis in the health personnel of a pediatric hospital in a country where vaccination of this staff is not considered mandatory. Methods Nursing staff and resident doctors who were involved in direct treatment with hospitalized patients participated in the study. Each participant was screened for immunoglobulin G anti-pertussis toxin antibodies (anti-PT), and a questionnaire was applied for clinical and demographic data. Results Ninety-three individuals were included, of which 85% were nurses, median age 35 years (interquartile range: 29-42.5). The participants worked in the emergency department (21.5%), in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (8.6%), and in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (6.5%). Detectable titers of anti-TP antibodies were found in 18.3%, of which 53% presented titles suggestive of recent infection and only 23.5% cough > 2 weeks of duration. Conclusions Health personnel are at risk of suffering from the disease and be potential transmitters to infants, who may die from this cause. This study suggests that the current vaccination policies in health personnel should be modified to determine the compulsory nature of the vaccination, especially in those individuals in charge of the care of the pediatric population.

Identificação laboratorial da coqueluche na região do oeste do Estado de São Paulo / Laboratory identification of pertussis in the western region of São Paulo State, Brazil

O objetivo deste estudo foi de confirmar laboratorialmente os casos suspeitos de coqueluche na região oeste do Estado de São Paulo, ocorridos entre 2010 a 2015. A cultura foi realizada no Centro de Laboratório Regional - Instituto Adolfo Lutz de Presidente Prudente e a PCR em tempo real (qPCR) foi realizada no Centro de Referência Nacional para Pertussis – Instituto Adolfo Lutz em São Paulo, SP. Foram recebidas 189 amostras, sendo 29 (15,3%) confirmadas segundo os critérios laboratoriais (cultura e/ou qPCR). A faixa etária mais acometida foi em crianças menores de seis meses de idade (82,8%), não vacinados ou com o esquema de vacinação incompleto. Provavelmente, estes resultados representam apenas uma fração do número real de casos de coqueluche que ocorrem no Brasil. O contínuo monitoramento da doença e informações da prevalência por faixa etária são importantes ferramentas para melhorar as estratégias de imunização como forma de controlar esta doença reemergente.

The aim of this study was to confirm the suspected cases of pertussis in the Western region of the Sao Paulo State from 2010 to 2015. The samples were cultured in the Instituto Adolfo Lutz - Regional Laboratory of Presidente Prudente-SP, and the qPCR was performed at the National Reference Laboratory for Pertussis – Central Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo-SP. In this period, 189 samples were received, being 29 (15.3%) confirmed by the laboratory criteria (culture and/or qPCR). The most affected group was the children less than six months old (82.8%), not vaccinated or with the incomplete vaccination. Most likely, these results only represent a fraction of the actual number of pertussis cases occurring in Brazil. The continuous disease monitoring and the prevalence data by age group are fundamental to improve the immunization strategies as a way to control this important re-emerging disease.

Tos ferina asociado a morbimortalidad e inmunoprevención / Whooping cough associated with morbimortality and immunoprevention

Antecedentes: En Honduras han existido múl-tiples brotes de tos ferina, sin embargo, pocos se publican y reportan como diagnóstico la reacción en cadena de Polimerasa (PCR) en tiempo real. Debe tomarse en cuenta el subre-gistro y el infradiagnóstico debido al bajo índice de sospecha como factores importantes a considerar en la remergencia de la enferme-dad. Objetivo: Describir el Síndrome Coquelu-choide y tos ferina en el Hospital Nacional Dr. Mario Catarino Rivas (HNMCR) en el período de enero a mayo 2017. Pacientes y Métodos:Estudio descriptivo, transversal en niños cuyo cuadro clínico cumple con los criterios de caso probable de tos ferina. La muestra la confor-man 23 pacientes. Resultados: La Tosferina afecta a niños del sexo masculino, lactante menor, durante los meses de enero y marzo. La evolución de la enfermedad tiene una media de 12 días al momento del diagnóstico, el esquema de vacunación incompleto para la edad según PAI es un factor de riesgo impor-tante, La tos paroxística, ebre y apnea fueron el cuadro clínico predominante acompañado de hiperleucocitosis con PCR positivos. El 37% de los casos fallecieron por complicaciones asociadas. Conclusión: A pesar de los cambios epidemiológicos que ha habido durante el transcurso del tiempo con la introducción de la vacuna contra Bordetella Pertussis, sigue siendo una enfermedad prevalente, potencial-mente fatal, especialmente en lactantes menores y neonatos, se considera que laque la estrategia capullo debe ser incluida en el programa ampliado de inmunizaciones de nuestro país, recordando que la tos ferina es una enfermedad inmunoprevenible...(AU)

Caracterización de la infección por Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella spp. y coqueluche en la provincia de Córdoba, Argentina / Features of Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella spp. infection and whopping cough in Córdoba province, Argentina

Introduction: Whooping cough is a re-emerging infection in the world and Latin America. Objective: It was considered relevant to investigate the clinical and epidemiological profile of Bordetella spp. and Bordetella pertussis infection in Córdoba province, Argentina; evaluating, at the same time, the co-infection with virus producing respiratory infections that may be confused with whooping cough. Material and Methods: All whooping cough suspected cases were studied by Polimerase Chain Reaction, amplifying the repeated insertion sequence (IS) 481 and the promoter gene encoding pertussis toxin, between 2011 and 2013. The data were obtained from the clinical and epidemiological records. Results: From 2,588 whooping cough suspected cases, 11.59% was infected by Bordetella spp. and 9.16% was confirmed as Bordetella pertussis infection. The rate of infection was 7.22 and 1.84 per 100,000 for 2011 and 2012, respectively. The infection presented a seasonal tendency and it was mainly found on the group of children between 13 and 24 months old. The co-infection with virus producing respiratory infections, were uncommon. Paroxysmal cough, cyanosis and/or vomiting were predictors of the infection for Bordetella pertussis. Discussion and Conclusions: To deal with the re-emergence of whooping cough is important the knowledge of the regional epidemiological situation. This paper shows the situation of these infections in the regional clinical and epidemiological context, and makes the information available for health decision-making.

Introducción: Coqueluche es una enfermedad reemergente en el mundo y en Latinoamérica. Objetivo: Resultó de interés caracterizar el perfil clínico-epidemiológico de la infección por Bordetella spp. y Bordetella pertussis en Córdoba, Argentina; evaluando además, la frecuencia de infecciones de etiología viral que, por cursar con un síndrome coqueluchoide (SC), pueden ser confundidas con cuadros de coqueluche. Material y Métodos: Los casos sospechosos de coqueluche, se estudiaron por reacción de polimerasa en cadena; amplificando la secuencia repetida de inserción (IS) 481 y la región promotora del gen de la toxina pertussis; entre 2011 y 2013. Los datos de los pacientes se obtuvieron de las fichas clínicoepidemiológicas. Resultados: De 2.588 pacientes, 11,59% presentó una infección por Bordetella spp. y en 9,16% se confirmó una infección por Bordetella pertussis. La tasa de infección fue 7,22 y 1,84 por 100.000 habitantes en 2011 y 2012, respectivamente. La infección presentó una tendencia estacional y se concentró principalmente en niños entre 13 y 24 meses. La tos paroxística, cianosis y/o vómitos fueron predictores de la infección por B. pertussis. La coinfección con virus productores de infecciones respiratorias fue poco frecuente. Discusión y Conclusiones: Es fundamental el conocimiento de la situación epidemiológica regional. Este trabajo presenta la situación de Córdoba y pone a disposición de la comunidad sanitaria la información para la toma de decisiones en el contexto clínico-epidemiológico regional.

Pertussis characterization in the central-west region of São Paulo state, Brazil / Caracterização da coqueluche na região centro-oeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by Bordetella pertussis. This study aimed at characterizing the B. pertussis laboratory positivity and the isolated strains in municipalities of the Central-West Region of São Paulo State, Brazil from 2010 to 2014. A total of 597 nasopharyngeal swabs samples were collected from suspected patients and contacts, and analyzed by in vitro culture and Real-Time PCR (qPCR). Culture-positive B. pertussis strains were characterized by serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Considering culture and/or qPCR, the positivity rate was of 19.6%. Out of 117 samples with B. pertussis, 23 were detected by both methods, 89 by qPCR only and five by culture only. Strains presenting FIM3 (40%), FIM2,3 (32%) and FIM2 (28%) serotypes were found. Five pulsotypes were detected by PFGE, 48% of which identified as BP.Xba.0039, being the predominant type in this study. Among the positive strains, 50% were isolated from <2 months old-children and 17% were isolated from three to six months old patients. Non-vaccinated children or with incomplete vaccination schedule were at the major risk of complications and death, highlighting the importance of a continuous monitoring of this infection for the future control strategies.

A coqueluche é uma doença respiratória altamente contagiosa causada por Bordetella pertussis. Este estudo caracterizou a positividade de B. pertussis e as cepas isoladas em municípios da Região Centro-Oeste do Estado de São Paulo de 2010 a 2014. Foram coletados 597 esfregaços nasofaríngeos de pacientes e contatos suspeitos de coqueluche, e analisados por cultura e Real-TimePCR (qPCR). Os isolados de B. pertussis obtidos de cultura foram caracterizados por sorotipagem e eletroforese em gel de campo pulsado. Considerando-se a cultura e/ou qPCR, verificou-se taxa de positividade de 19,6%. Das 117 amostras positivas para B. pertussis, 23 foram detectadas por ambos os métodos, 89 apenas por qPCR e cinco apenas na cultura. Foram detectadas cepas de sorotipos FIM3 (40%), FIM2,3 (32%) e FIM2 (28%). Cinco pulsotipos foram detectados pela PFGE, e 48% identificados como BP.Xba.0039, o tipo predominante neste estudo. Entre as cepas positivas, 50% foram isoladas de crianças menores de dois meses e 17% isoladas da faixa etária de três a seis meses. Crianças não vacinadas ou com esquema de vacinação incompleta têm maior risco de complicações e óbito, o que ressalta a importância do monitoramento contínuo desta infecção para futuras estratégias de controle.

Perfil clínico y epidemiológico de los pacientes menores de un año de edad con diagnóstico de tosferina en el Hospital Nacional de Niños Benjamín Bloom en el periodo de 2008 a 2012 / Clinical and epidemiological profile of patients under one year of age with a diagnosis of pertussis at the Benjamín Bloom National Children's Hospital in the period from 2008 to 2012

La tosferina en los niños menores de un año tiene alto riesgo de complicaciones, el diagnóstico precoz es importante para evitar éstas. El objetivo es describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los casos de tosferina en niños menores de un año confirmados por cultivo nasofaríngeo positivo a Bordetella pertussis en el Hospital Nacional de Niños Benjamín Bloom en un periodo de 5 años. Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo transversal de 57 casos de niños menores de un año sospechosos de Tosferina, durante el periodo de enero de 2008 a diciembre de 2012, en 23 pacientes se confirmó el diagnóstico por cultivo nasofaríngeo; se analizaron las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, medio geográfico de procedencia; estado de vacunación, días de hospitalización, manifestaciones clínicas, tratamiento, estudios de laboratorio y radiológicos; y principales complicaciones. Se obtuvo la aprobación del Comité de Ética en Investigación. Se estudió el 100% de la población elegible (23 pacientes), la edad promedio de los niños fue de 1.9 meses de edad (desviación estándar 1.5 meses) con predominio del sexo femenino (65.20%) de procedencia urbana (68.20%); los síntomas predominantes fueron los paroxismos (82%) y tos que produce emesis (56.50%). El 78% de los niños estudiados no estaban vacunados contra la tosferina. En la analítica de laboratorio se evidencio leucocitosis en el rango 20000-30000/mm3 con linfocitosis en todos los casos y plaquetosis en el rango 450000-1000000/mm3. El 26% presento complicaciones, siendo la neumonía la más común (57.10%). Tres pacientes (13%) necesitaron de Cuidados Intensivos, un paciente falleció. El promedio de tiempo de hospitalización fue de 8 días. En los pacientes que requirieron admisión en Cuidados Intensivos, la estancia se prolongó hasta cincuenta y tres días. Conclusión: La población fue en su mayoría de procedencia urbana, del sexo femenino con características clínicas de la fase avanzada de la enfermedad

Clinical Presentation of Infants Hospitalised with Pertussis

Background. Despite the widespread use of pertussis vaccine; there has been a resurgence of pertussis cases in developed and developing countries. South Africa lacks data regarding clinical presentation and healthcare impact of pertussis.Objectives. To describe the clinical presentation and healthcare impact in hospitalised infants with confirmed pertussis.Methods. This was a retrospective cohort study; conducted in Bloemfontein between April 2008 and September 2012. Infants with laboratory-confirmed pertussis (group 1; N=102); were compared with infants with a negative pertussis result (group 2; N=104) and infants with a lower respiratory tract infection of unspecified aetiology (group 3; N=104). The following data were extracted from the clinical records: demographics; presenting symptoms; paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission; length of stay in the general ward and PICU; overall hospital stay and outcome.Results. There were no significant demographic differences between the groups. A larger percentage of infants in group 1 (n=41; 40%) required PICU admission compared with group 2 (n=37; 36%) and group 3 (n=20; 19%). The median PICU stay of group 1 was longer (11 days) compared with group 2 (6 days) and group 3 (5 days). The presence of cough and post-tussive vomiting was significantly higher in group 1 than groups 2 and 3. There was no significant difference in mortality between the groups. Conclusion. Pertussis results in significant morbidity in infants. Measures to identify and manage this vaccine-preventable disease should be considered at a national level

Pertussis may be the cause of prolonged cough in adolescents and adults in the interepidemic period

Objective: This study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence of pertussis in adolescents and adults with cough lasting more than 14 days and less than 30 days. Methods: This is a prospective observational study in interepidemic period of pertusis. Ten public health outpatient clinics in the city of Recife, Brazil, were randomly selected for the study. The study population consisted of individuals aged 10 years and over with cough that had lasted between 14 and 30 days. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected for culture and PCR in order to identify Bordetella pertussis. We adopted the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the US (CDC) definition of cases of pertussis. Results: A total of 192 individuals were identified as suspected cases. Their mean age was 40.7 years. Pertussis was confirmed in 10 of the 192 suspected cases, with an estimated prevalence of 5.21% (95% confidence interval 2.03-8.38). All cases met the clinical case definition for pertussis; one suspect had both culture and PCR positive. PCR confirmed 100% of the cases, 7/10 by PCR and 3/10 by epidemiological linkage with a case confirmed by PCR. Conclusion: During an interepidemic period, 1 in 20 cases of prolonged cough had pertussis, suggesting this is an important cause of prolonged cough in adolescents and adults. .

Reemergência da coqueluche no Brasil: estudo dos casos notificados e confirmados, 2007-2014 / Increasing incidence of pertussis in brazil: a retrospective study using surveillance data

O aumento da incidência de coqueluche tem sido relatado em muitos países e,atualmente, representa uma preocupação de saúde pública global. Neste estudo, aepidemiologia da coqueluche no Brasil foi avaliada retrospectivamente a partir dedados de vigilância epidemiológica recolhidos a partir de fichas de notificação decasos entre 2007 e 2014. No período foram notificados 80.068 casos suspeitos decoqueluche no Brasil. Destes, 24.612 (32 por cento) foram confirmados por diferentescritérios. A distribuição anual de casos confirmados demonstrou um aumentosignificativo da incidência a partir de 2012. Um padrão sazonal em que os casosocorrem com maior freqüência entre o final da primavera e meio do verão foiidentificado. Entre os casos confirmados 34,5 por cento ocorreram em crianças com idademenor que 3 meses, 22,4 por cento entre 3-7 meses, 21 por cento entre 7 meses a 4 anos, 14,1 por centoentre 5 e 19 anos e de 8 por cento em adultos com mais de 20 anos. Observou-se que47,2 por cento dos casos foram confirmados com critérios clínicos, 15,5 por cento preencheram oscritérios clínicos e epidemiológicos, e 36,6 por cento foram confirmados laboratorialmente. Ataxa global de letalidade foi de 2,1 por cento, atingindo 4,7 por cento entre crianças menores de 3meses. As complicações mais comumente reportadas nas notificações forampneumonia, encefalite, desidratação, otite, e desnutrição...

Many countries have reported an increase in the incidence of pertussis, which hasbecome a global public health concern. In this study, the epidemiology of pertussis inBrazil was assessed retrospectively using surveillance data gathered from casenotification forms from 2007 to 2014. From 2007 to 2014, 80,068 suspected cases ofpertussis were reported in Brazil. Of these, 24,612 (32 percent) were confirmed by variouscriteria. The annual distribution of confirmed cases demonstrated a significantincrease in incidence since 2012. A seasonal pattern in which cases occur mostfrequently between the end of spring and midsummer has been identified. Among theconfirmed cases, 34.5 percent occurred in infants aged 0-2 months, 22.4 percent occurred ininfants aged 3-6 months, 21 percent occurred in children aged 7 months to 4 years, and8 percent were reported in adults >21 years. Of the confirmed cases, 47.2 percent met onlyclinical criteria, 15.5 percent met clinical and epidemiological criteria, and 36.6 percent wereconfirmed in a laboratory. The overall case fatality rate was 2.1 percent, reaching 4.7 percentamong infants aged 0-2 months...

Knowledge and Acceptability about Adult Pertussis Immunization in Korean Women of Childbearing Age

PURPOSE: The adult tetanus, reduced diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine has been introduced in order to provide individual protection and reduce the risk of transmitting pertussis to infants. We assessed the knowledge and acceptability of the Tdap vaccine around pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional survey of women of childbearing age (20-45 years) who visited obstetrics and gynecologic units of primary, secondary, or tertiary hospitals. They were asked to fill in a questionnaire assessing their knowledge, attitudes, and acceptability of Tdap. RESULTS: The questionnaire was completed by 308 women; 293 (95.1%) had not received information from doctors about Tdap, and 250 (81.2%) did not know about the need for vaccination. A significantly important factor related to subjects' intention to be vaccinated, identified by stepwise multiple logistic regression, was the knowledge (OR 13.5, CI 3.92-46.33) that adult Tdap is effective in preventing pertussis for infants aged 0-6 months. Additionally, 276 (89.6%) considered the recommendation of obstetric doctors as the most influencing factor about Tdap vaccination. CONCLUSION: In Korea, most women of childbearing age seem to be neither recommended nor adequately informed about the vaccination, although our population was not a nationwide representative sample. Information given by healthcare workers may be critical for improving awareness and preventing pertussis.

Tos convulsa, causa extraña de síndrome hemolítico urémico / Whooping cough, unusual cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome

La tos convulsa es una enfermedad infecto-contagiosa producida por Bordetella pertussis y Parapertussis. El principal reservorio son los adultos jóvenes. Los pacientes más susceptibles de presentar una forma grave de esta enfermedad son los lactantes menores de 6 meses. El síndrome urémico hemolítico es una complicación rara de la tos convulsa. La patogenia del mismo no ha sido aclarada, planteándose que el mismo es secundario al efecto de las toxinas producidas por Bordetella pertussis y por fenómenos inflamatorios. En la literatura internacional son escasos los reportes de síndrome urémico hemolítico asociado a tos convulsa y no se ha podido establecer cuáles son los factores de riesgo para el desarrollo del mismo. Se presenta el caso de una lactante que desarrolló insuficiencia renal aguda secundaria a un síndrome urémico hemolítico en el curso de una infección aguda por Bordetella pertussis que requirió terapia de sustitución de la función renal.

Whopping cough is an infectous disease caused by Bordetella pertussis and Parapertussis. The main reservoir of Bordetella are adolescents and adults. Infants younger than 6 months have increased risk for developing a severe illnes with a lethal evolution. Hemolytic uremic syndrome is an unusual complication of whopping cough. The pathogenic mechanisms have not been clarified. One of the hypothesis has established the role of Bordetella toxins and inflammatory mediators. There are few cases published of hemolytic uremic syndrome associated to whopping cough and risk factors for its development have not been established. In the present article we report the case of a breastfeeding who developed an acute renal failure secondary to a hemolytic uremic syndrome during the hospitalization in the Intensive Care Unit.

Características clínicas y epidemiológicas de niños con enfermedad por Bordetella pertussis en Santa Fe, Argentina / Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of children with disease due to Bordetella pertussis in Santa Fe, Argentina

Introduction: Pertussis, a vaccine-preventable respiratory disease, remains a public health problem. Objective: The goal of this study is to describe epidemiological and clinical patterns of B. pertussis-caused respiratory infection over the period 2006-2010 in Santa Fe, Argentina. Methods: Inpatients and outpatients < 14 years of age, meeting pertussis case definition criteria were included. Household family contacts of confirmed cases with compatible symptoms were also surveyed. Results: 1074 patients were evaluated, 102 (9.49%) were confirmed through PCR. The proportion of confirmed cases was: in 2006, 35.5%; 2007, 21.2%; 2008, 4.9%. In 2009 and 2010 no cases were detected. 94.2% of hospitalized patients and 42.8% of outpatients were less than six months of age. Of all patients, 67.6% required hospitalization as they had a moderate to severe illness. The length of stay for these patients was over six days. 27.5% had pre-existing medical conditions, the most frequent being prematurity and malnutrition. The outcome was severe in 23.1% of cases, all of whom hadn't started the vaccination schedule. Severe pulmonary hypertension was present in five patients. Fatality rate was 4.9%. Conclusions: Pertussis mainly affected children < 6 months, non-vaccinated or with less than 3 doses. The bacterium was also detected among adults and teenagers.

Introducción: Tos convulsiva es una enfermedad respiratoria prevenible por vacuna, que continúa siendo un problema de salud pública. Objetivo: Describir el patrón clínico y epidemiológico de la infección respiratoria por Bordetella pertussis durante el período 2006-2010 en Santa Fe, Argentina. Material y Métodos: Se incluyeron pacientes internados y ambulatorios menores de 14 años, que cumplieron con los criterios de definición de caso de coqueluche y los contactos de casos confirmados. Resultados: Se evaluaron 1.074 pacientes, 102 (9,49%) fueron confirmados por RPC. La proporción de casos confirmados fue: en 2006: 35,5%; 2007: 21,2%; 2008: 4,9%. En los años 2009 y 2010 no se detectaron casos. El 67,6% requirió internación con una duración de 6 días. El 94,2% de los pacientes hospitalizados fue menor de 6 meses y en los ambulatorios el 42,8%. El 27,5% presentaba condiciones médicas pre-existentes, siendo prematuridad y desnutrición las más frecuentes. La evolución de la enfermedad fue grave en 23,1% de los casos, los cuales no habían iniciado el calendario de vacunaciones. Se presentó hipertensión pulmonar grave en 5 pacientes. La letalidad fue de 4,9%. Discusión: La enfermedad afectó principalmente a lactantes < 6 meses, no vacunados o con menos de 3 dosis. La bacteria también se detectó entre adultos y adolescentes.

Epidemiología de Bordetella pertussis en un hospital pediátrico / Epidemiology of Bordetella pertussis in a children's hospital

Introducción. La tos ferina o coqueluche continúa siendo una importante causa de morbimortalidad en los menores de un año. Objetivos. Describir el perfil clínico-epidemiológico de Bordetella pertussis, y analizar los factores asociados a la confrmación por PCR y la letalidad. Materiales y métodos. Estudio prospectivo de cohorte realizado entre diciembre de 2003 y diciembre de 2011. Se incluyeron niños asistidos en el Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez con sospecha de padecer la enfermedad. Se estudiaron los factores asociados a confrmación por PCR y letalidad mediante riesgo relativo (RR) con intervalo del 95%. Resultados. Se incluyeron 620 pacientes con una positividad del 38% (236/620), 3 casos se confrmaron por nexo. Los confrmados (239) presentaron un patrón estacional de septiembre a febrero, una mediana de edad de 3 meses, y 89%, menos de tres dosis de vacuna. El 86% se internaron: la mediana de estadía fue de 7 días. Un 99% de los pacientes eran eutrófcos, 98% inmunocompetentes y 17,5% requirieron cuidados intensivos. Se analizó la clínica en 480 pacientes. El 38% (184) tuvieron PCR positiva y presentaron: 96,2% tos, 76,5% tos paroxística, 57,9% cianosis, 55,7% difcultad respiratoria, 29% febre, 22,4% apnea, 21,9% vómitos postusígenos. El análisis multivariado identifcó, como predictores independientes asociados a la confrmación de coqueluche por PCR: tos paroxística (OR 2,52: 1,50 a 4,22; p= 0,000) y leucocitosis al ingre s a r ≥20 000 glóbulos blancos/ mm³ (OR 7,96: 4,82 a 13,17; p= 0,000); haber presentado febre disminuyó la probabilidad de obtener un resultado de PCR positivo (OR 0,47: 0,29 a 0,77; p = 0,003). La letalidad en los pacientes internados fue de 6,8%. Una leucocitosis ≥ 30 000 glóbulos blancos/mm³ fue un predictor de letalidad (RR 6,7: 1,88 a 23,9; p= 0,001). Conclusiones. Los casos confirmados correspondieron, en su mayoría, a menores de un año antes sanos y que no habían completado el esquema de vacunación primario. La tos paroxística y la leucocitosis se asociaron al diagnóstico por PCR, mientras que la leucocitosis fue un predictor de mortalidad.

Introduction. Pertussis or whooping cough continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in infants younger than 1 year old. Objectives. To describe the clinical and epidemiological profle of Bordetella pertussis and to analyze the factors associated with confrmation by PCR and case fatality rate. Material and Methods. Prospective, cohort study conducted between December 2003 and December 2011. The study included children seen at the Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez suspected of pertussis. The factors associated with confrmation by PCR and the case fatality rate by relative risk (RR) with a 95% confdence interval were studied. Results. Six hundred and twenty patients with a 38% of positive cases (236/620) were included, 3 cases were confrmed by epidemiological link. Confrmed cases (239) showed a seasonal pattern from September through February, a median age of 3 months old, and 89% had received less than three vaccine doses. Eighty six percent of patients were hospitalized: their median length of stay was 7 days. A total of 99% of patients were eu-trophic, 98% were immunocompetent and 17.5% required intensive care. The clinical presentation was analyzed in 480 patients. Of them, 38% (184) had a positive PCR result and their symptoms were: 96.2%, cough; 76.5%, paroxysmal cough; 57.9% cyanosis; 55.7%, respiratory distress; 29%, fever; 22.4%, apnea; 21.9%, vomiting after coughing. A multivariate analysis identifed the following as independent predictors associated with confrmation of pertussis by PCR: paroxysmal cough (OR 2.52: 1.50-4.22; p= 0.000) and leu-kocytosis upon admission >20 000 white blood cells/mm³ (OR 7.96: 4.82-13.17; p= 0.000); having developed fever reduced the chance of having a positive PCR result (OR 0.47: 0.29-0.77; p= 0.003). The case fatality rate for hospitalized patients was 6.8%. Leukocytosis >30 000 white blood cells/mm3 was a predictor of fatality (RR 6.7: 1.88-23.9; p= 0.001). Conclusions. Confrmed cases were mostly infants younger than 1 year old who were healthy before and who had not completed their primary immunization schedule. Paroxysmal cough and leukocytosis were associated with PCR diagnosis, while leukocytosis was a predictor of mortality.

A re-emergência da coqueluche: da rotina dos atendimentos ao imperativo da biossegurança / The re-emergence of pertussis: from routine healthcare to the need for biosafety actions

Dados recentes mostram que, no Brasil, foram notificados, no ano de 2012, 15.428 casos suspeitos de coqueluche, dos quais 4.453 (28,9 porcento) foram confirmados, o que representa um aumento de 97 porcento em relação ao mesmo período de 2011, ano em que foram registrados 2.258 casos da doença. Crianças com menos de 1 ano de idade apresentam taxas de incidência e letalidade mais acentuadas. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar a percepção dos profissionais de saúde atuantes nas unidades de saúde do Estado do Rio de Janeiro no atendimento a pacientes com suspeita ou confirmação de doenças respiratórias, como coqueluche e tuberculose, a adoção das práticas de biossegurança e a existência de programa de capacitação continuada. Buscamos recolher informações referentes à exposição ao risco de contaminação, observando o aspecto subjetivo da percepção do profissional. Estas informações foram obtidas por meio de questionários aplicados em unidades de atendimento situadas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A metodologia aplicada ao estudo privilegiou o aspecto qualitativo por ser mais adequado às análises de percepção, nas quais o aspecto subjetivo adquire relevância. Os resultados demonstraram que o aprimoramento profissional nas unidades de saúde por meio de investimento em programa de capacitação continuada nas temáticas biossegurança e doenças respiratórias, como coqueluche e tuberculose, é fundamental para reverter a situação encontrada nesta pesquisa, bem como o maior investimento em infraestrutura nas unidades de saúde, especialmente nas unidades municipais.

In Brazil in the year 2012, 15,428 suspected pertussis cases were reported, from which 4,453 (28.9 percent) were confirmed, representing an increase of 97 percent over the same period in 2011, when 2,258 cases of pertussis were confirmed. Children under one year of age belonged to the group with more pronounced rates of incidence and mortality. The study had the objective of establishing the perception of health professionals in health facilities in the state of Rio de Janeiro among patients attending with suspected or confirmed respiratory diseases such as whooping cough and tuberculosis, and the adoption of biosafety practices and continued training programs. The methodology used in the study favored the qualitative aspect, since it has been better suited to analysis of perception where the subjective aspect would be considered relevant. The research results showed that professional improvement in health facilities by investing in ongoing training programs on biosafety issues and respiratory diseases such as whooping cough and tuberculosis, is an essential issue to reverse this situation. Research, and large investments in infrastructure of health units, especially in the municipal hospitals, is most needed.

An overview of pertussis reemergence and evidence of ITS resurgence in Brazil

About two thousand cases of pertussis are reported in Brazil each year, with the highest incidence and mortality rates occurring in children under one year old. The disease is becoming common in Brazil; however the state of Rio de Janeiro has been showing low reporting figures in relation to other states in the Southeast region. This research work aimed to evaluate the difficulties faced by medical teams when confirming suspect cases of pertussis in healthcare units throughout the state of Rio de Janeiro and to use available data to confirm pertussis diagnosis within the last two years. Epidemiological surveys were conducted among medical personnel from healthcare units who presented the main obstacles to confirming suspect cases. Results show that a lack of laboratory diagnosis, poor differential diagnosis, low knowledge of the disease and a lack of clinical experience are, among other factors, relevant to the low reporting rates in the region...

Cerca de dois mil casos de coqueluche são relatados no Brasil a cada ano. Crianças com menos de 1 ano de idade pertencem ao grupo com maiores taxas de incidência e letalidade. Apesar de a doença estar se tornando cada vez mais frequente no Brasil, o estado do Rio de Janeiro vem apresentando baixos índices de informação comparativamente a outros estados da Região Sudeste. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar tanto as dificuldades enfrentadas pelas equipes médicas ao confirmar casos suspeitos de coqueluche em unidades de saúde em todo o estado do Rio de Janeiro quanto a disponibilidade de dados para confirmar o diagnóstico da coqueluche nos últimos dois anos. O levantamento epidemiológico foi realizado entre o pessoal médico de unidades de saúde que apresentaram dificuldades para a confirmação de casos suspeitos. Os resultados indicaram alguns fatores relevantes para as baixas taxas de notificação na região: falta de diagnóstico laboratorial, inconsistência do diagnóstico diferencial, escassez de conhecimento sobre a doença e falta de experiência clínica...